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Inactivated vaccines:
● Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease.
● Vaccines of this type are created by inactivating a pathogen, typically using heat or chemicals such as formaldehyde or formalin.
● This destroys the pathogen’s ability to replicate, but keeps it “intact” so that the immune system can still recognize it. (“Inactivated” is generally used rather than “killed” to refer to viral vaccines of this type, as viruses are generally not considered to be alive.)
● They usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases.
● They are Used to protect: Hepatitis A, Flu (shot only), Polio (shot only), Rabies.
Live-attenuated Vaccines:
● Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease.
● Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.
● The limitation of this approach is that these vaccines usually cannot be given to people with weakened immune systems.
● Live vaccines are used against: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR combined vaccine), Rotavirus, Smallpox among others.
Messenger (m) RNA Vaccines:
● mRNA vaccines make proteins in order to trigger an immune response.
● mRNA vaccines have several benefits compared to other types of vaccines, including shorter manufacturing times and, because they do not contain a live virus, no risk of causing disease in the person getting vaccinated.
● The vaccines are used to protect against: Covid-19.
Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines:
● They use specific pieces of the germ – like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ). They give a very strong immune response.
● They can also be used on people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems.
● These vaccines are used to protect against: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease, Hepatitis B, HPV (Human papillomavirus), Pneumococcal disease among others.
Toxoid Vaccines:
● They use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease.
● They create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.
● Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against: Diphtheria, Tetanus.
Viral Vector Vaccines:
● Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection.
● Several different viruses have been used as vectors, including influenza, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus, and adenovirus, which causes the common cold.
● Adenovirus is one of the viral vectors used in some Covid-19 vaccines being studied in clinical trials.
● The vaccines are used to protect against Covid-19
Article 21 (Protection of Life and Personal Liberty):
● It declares that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
● This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens.
● The right to life is not merely confined to animal existence or survival but also includes the right to live with human dignity and all those aspects of life which go to make a man’s life meaningful, complete and worth living.
Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act)
● It is invoked to manage disasters, including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building.
● Section 2 (d) of the DM Act states that a disaster means a “catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes.
● The Act designates the Ministry of Home Affairs as the nodal ministry for steering the overall national disaster management.
● The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is tasked with laying down disaster management policies and ensuring timely and effective response mechanisms.
● An institutional systematic structure at the national, state and district levels.
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
● The Epidemic Diseases Act aims to provide for the better prevention of the spread of dangerous epidemic diseases.
● Temporary provisions or regulations can be made to be observed by the public to tackle or prevent the outbreak of a disease.
● It contains four sections.
Section 1: Describes the title and extent of the Act
It extends to the whole of India.
Section 2: Powers to take special measures
>It empowers the state governments to tackle special measures and formulate regulations to contain the outbreak.
>Section 2A of the Act empowers the central government to take steps to prevent the spread of an epidemic.
>Health is a State subject, but by invoking Section 2 of the Epidemic Diseases Act, advisories and directions of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare will be enforceable.
Section 3: Penalty for Disobedience
The penalties for disobeying any regulation or order made under the Act are according to section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (disobedience to order duly promulgated by a public servant).
Section 4: Legal Protection to Implementing Officers:
It gives legal protection to the implementing officers acting under the Act.
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