[Mission 2022] Insta– QUED ( Questions from Editorials ) 25 February 2022 – INSIGHTSIAS

Solution: c)

• Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution guarantees freedom to carry out any occupation, trade or business.
• In 2005, the Constitution was amended to allow reservation in private educational institutions for socially and educationally backward classes and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• Note that this amendment applies to admissions in private educational institutions and not to jobs in the private sector.
• There may be reasonable restrictions “in the interests of the general public”, and in particular related to specifying any professional or technical qualifications, or to reserve a sector for government monopoly.
• In the Indra Sawhney case in 1992, the Supreme Court capped reservations in public services at 50%. It however said that there may be extraordinary situations which may need a relaxation in this rule.

Solution: a)

• Article 16 of the Constitution specifically provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in public employment. It prohibits discrimination on several grounds including place of birth and residence.
• However, it permits Parliament to make law that requires residence within a State for appointment to a public office. Note two points here.
  • This enabling provision is for public employment and not for private sector jobs. And the law needs to be made by Parliament, and not by a State legislature.

Solution: d)

• The OSCE has a comprehensive approach to security that encompasses politico-military, economic and environmental, and human aspects. It therefore addresses a wide range of security-related concerns, including arms control, confidence- and security-building measures, human rights, national minorities, democratization, policing strategies, counter-terrorism and economic and environmental activities. All 57 participating States enjoy equal status, and decisions are taken by consensus on a politically, but not legally binding basis.
• OSCE participating states enjoy equal status and take decisions by consensus.
• It has an observer status at the United Nations.
• It was created during the Cold War era as an East–West forum.

Source                  Source

Solution: a)

Revenue Budget– It consists of the Revenue Expenditure and Revenue Receipts.

• • Revenue Receipts are receipts which do not have a direct impact on the assets and liabilities of the government. It consists of the money earned by the government through tax (such as excise duty, income tax) and non-tax sources (such as dividend income, profits, interest receipts).
  • Revenue Expenditure is the expenditure by the government which does not impact its assets or liabilities. For example, this includes salaries, interest payments, pension, and administrative expenses.

Capital Budget– It includes the Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure.

• • Capital Receipts indicate the receipts which lead to a decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities of the government. It consists of: (i) the money earned by selling assets (or disinvestment) such as shares of public enterprises, and (ii) the money received in the form of borrowings or repayment of loans by states.
  • Capital expenditure is used to create assets or to reduce liabilities. It consists of: (i) the long-term investments by the government on creating assets such as roads and hospitals, and (ii) the money given by the government in the form of loans to states or repayment of its borrowings.

Solution: b)

The crude birth rate (CBR) is expressed as number of live births in a year per thousand of population.

The crude birth rate (CBR) of India in 2011 census was 21.8

Crude Death Rate (CDR) is a simple method of measuring mortality of any area. CDR is expressed in terms of number of deaths in a particular year per thousand of population in a particular region.

The crude death rate (CDR) of India in 2011 census was 7.1