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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you extra points in the form of background information.
General Studies – 1
Topic: Women, Social empowerment
Reference: The Hindu
Why this question:
Kumbalanghi, which won acclaim as India’s first model tourism village, is set to become the country’s first sanitary-napkin-free panchayat.
Key demand of the question:
The answer must discuss the concept of ‘Menstrual Hygiene’ applied in the Indian context.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly give data and some recent examples about menstrual hygiene issues in Indian Society.
Body:
Give instances where provisions regarding menstrual issues have been provided in Indian Society with certain examples. E.g. SUVIDHA Scheme.
Some circumstances make menstruation a “difficult experience” for women. These include homelessness, coercive, controlling and violent relationships and health conditions such as endometriosis. Some Trans people may also experience difficulties in accessing sanitary products. Discuss the context within the Indian setup.
Explain how often it is a taboo in our country leading to extreme incidences of period poverty, Comment on the lack of period dignity.
Suggest what needs to be done in India to improvise the conditions.
Conclusion:
Conclude with policy measures already in this direction while suggesting stronger ways forward.
Introduction
Menstrual hygiene continues to be amongst the most challenging development issues today. Menstruation is still considered a taboo in the Indian society. Even today, the cultural and social influences on people create a major hurdle in ensuring that the adolescent girls are given proper knowledge on menstrual hygiene.
The main reasons for this taboo still being relevant in the Indian society are high rate of illiteracy especially in girls, poverty and lack of awareness about menstrual health and hygiene. Only less than 18 per cent of Indian women use sanitary pads.
Body
Indian society in addressing menstrual hygiene
- According to the fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) in 2015-16, half the women in rural India (52%) do not use hygienic methods of protection during their menstrual period in India.
- Available data reveals that Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) remains deprioritized due to factors such as deep-seated social gender construct, cultural myths, and discriminatory traditions.
- In India, only 48% of adolescent girls are aware of what menstruation is before getting their first period.
- Young people do not have access to reliable and correct information about their reproductive health and rights.
- The stigma around menstruation leads to parents, teachers and other community stakeholders being reluctant to talk about periods.
- A 2016 landscape analysis titled Menstrual Health in India observed that of nearly 355 million girls in India who have reached menarche, 71 percent reported having no information about menstruation before their first period.
Issues faced by women regarding menstrual hygiene
- Access to toilet: An estimated 355 million Indian women and girls must find ways to cope with monthly menstrual hygiene. Most of these women either have no access to toilets or are faced with unclean lavatory
- Access and safety: Moreover, they usually wait until night-time before using public toilets or fields, which exposes them to various forms of physical attacks.
- Lack of awareness: The main reasons for this taboo still being relevant in the Indian society are high rate of illiteracy especially in girls, poverty and lack of awareness about menstrual health and hygiene. Only less than 18 per cent of Indian women use sanitary pads.
- Taboo: In some families, menstruation is being perceived as an unclean or embarrassing thing, extending even to the mention of menstruation both in public and in private. Most girls even hide themselves out of fear or embarrassment on their way to a medical store, rather majority of them cannot afford to buy hygienic sanitary pads.
- School dropout: In some families, menstruation is being perceived as an unclean or embarrassing thing, extending even to the mention of menstruation both in public and in private.
- Most girls even hide themselves out of fear or embarrassment on their way to a medical store, rather majority of them cannot afford to buy hygienic sanitary pads.
- Unclean ways of handling menstruation: A majority of rural women in India employ clothes and rags for feminine hygiene. These materials might predispose women to reproductive tract infections since it may be difficult for them to keep their used napkins clean and free of harmful bacteria.
- Affordability: While commercially available sanitary napkins provide a possible alternative, only 12 percent of Indian women can afford this option
Measures needed
- As depicted in the figure, girls and boys should receive accurate, timely information on the biological and psycho-social aspects of puberty, menstruation, and MHM from all three channels—mass media, influencers, and targeted education.
- There are significant challenges across these three areas with supporting evidence. However, girl-targeted education and community influencers are particularly important enablers for improving menstrual health for women and girls in India.
Conclusion
Currently, MHM curriculums focus on period management, and do not provide the time or space to discuss psycho-social changes. This needs to be addressed for a comprehensive menstrual hygiene management. Both boys and girls must be educated on these aspects, so that there is healthy development of children and attitudes regarding menstruation.
Value Addition
Case Studies
- Goonj: Under the Not Just a Piece of Cloth Program, Goonj produces simple, reusable cloth pads made by local women using old cloth; cloth pads are seen as a tool for women’s empowerment.
- Menstrupedia: Menstrupedia is a for-profit enterprise that has designed and developed a comic book on menstruation adapted to the local context to provide awareness and education on MHM to adolescent girls.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Structure, Organization, and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government
Difficulty Level: Easy
Reference: Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2022 Secure timetable
Key Demand of the question:
The importance of the Council of Ministers
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account of the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate them with relevant associated facts
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Brief on the provisions for Council of Ministers in India
Body:
Demarcate the constitutional provisions based on broad functional categories of council of ministers, and elaborate on each article as to how the constitution provides for to make it the real executive authority
Conclusion:
A relevant closing statement
Introduction
As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British pattern, the council of ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority is our politico-administrative system.
Article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers while Article 75 deals with the appointment, tenure, responsibility, qualification, oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers.
Body
Constitutional authority
- It is a constitutional body, dealt in detail by the Articles 74 and 75 of the Constitution.
- Its size and classification are, however, not mentioned in the Constitution.
- Its size is determined by the prime minister according to the exigencies of the time and requirements of the situation.
- Its classification into a three-tier body is based on the conventions of parliamentary government as developed in Britain.
- It has, however, got a legislative sanction. Thus, the Salaries and Allowances Act of 1952 defines a ‘minister’ as a ‘member of the council of ministers, by whatever name called, and includes a deputy minister’.
Council of Ministers as real executive authority
- The council of ministers consists of three categories of ministers, namely, cabinet ministers, ministers of state, 5 and deputy ministers.
- The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the Central government like home, defence, finance, external affairs and so forth. They are members of the cabinet, attend its meetings and play an important role in deciding policies. Thus, their responsibilities extend over the entire gamut of Central government.
- Cabinet as a body is much stronger that makes most decisions, as follows: –
- It is the highest decision-making authority in our politico-administrative system.
- It is the chief policy formulating body of the Central government.
- It is the supreme executive authority of the Central government.
- It is chief coordinator of Central administration.
- It is an advisory body to the president and its advice is binding on him.
- It is the chief crisis manager and thus deals with all emergency situations.
- It deals with all major legislative and financial matters.
- It exercises control over higher appointments like constitutional authorities and senior secretariat administrators.
- It deals with all foreign policies and foreign affairs.
- The fundamental principle underlying the working of parliamentary system of government is the principle of collective responsibility.
- Article 75 clearly states that the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This means that all the ministers own join responsibility t to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of omission and commission.
Conclusion
Wherever the Constitution requires the satisfaction of the President, the satisfaction is not the personal satisfaction of the President but it is the satisfaction of the council of ministers with whose aid and on whose advice the President exercises his powers and functions. Hence role of the Council of Ministers, in turn the cabinet is highly important in the Indian parliamentary system.
Topic: Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Reference: Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2022 Secure timetable
Key Demand of the question:
The importance of Cabinet Committees in the functioning of Indian Executive
Directive word:
Analyze – When asked to analyze, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Brief on Articles related to Cabinet Committees
Body:
First, brief on the features of Cabinet Committees in India
Then, mention their roles/functions in aiding the management of business of Government
Conclusion:
A relevant summarising statement
Introduction
Cabinet Committees are extra-constitutional in emergence, which means, they are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution. But, the Rules of Business provide for their formation. They are set up by the Prime Minister according to the exigencies of the time and requirements of the situation. Hence, their number, nomenclature, and composition vary from time to time.
Body
Features of Cabinet Committees
- They are of two types– standing and ad hoc. The former is of a permanent nature while the latter are of a temporary The ad hoc committees are constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.
- Their membership varies from three to eight. They usually include only Cabinet Ministers. However, the non-cabinet Ministers are not debarred from their membership.
- They not only include the Ministers in charge of subjects covered by them but also include other senior Ministers.
- They are mostly headed by the Prime Minister. Sometimes other Cabinet Ministers, particularly the home minister or the finance minister, also acts as their chairman. But, in case the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he invariably presides over it.
Management of complex business of the government
- The following four are the more important cabinet committees:
- The Political Affairs Committee deals with all policy matters pertaining to domestic and foreign affairs.
- The Economic Affairs Committee directs and coordinates the governmental activities in the economic sphere.
- Appointments Committee decides all higher level appointments in the Central Secretariat, Public Enterprises, Banks and Financial Institutions.
- Parliamentary Affairs Committee looks after the progress of government business in the Parliament.
- The first three committees are chaired by the Prime Minister and the last one by the home minister. Of all the Cabinet Committees, the most powerful is the Political Affairs Committee, often described as a “Super-Cabinet”.
- They not only sort out issues and formulate proposals for the consideration of the Cabinet, but also take decisions. However, the Cabinet can review their decisions.
- Eg: Cabinet committee on security met in the wake of Pulwama attack and decide to strike back. ACC appoints and transfers government functionaries from time to time.
- They are an organisational device to reduce the enormous workload of the Cabinet.
- They also facilitate in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination.
- They are based on the principles of division of labour and effective delegation.
Conclusion
They form a major part of Indian administration system. The committee’s decision is of high importance and carries legitimacy and sanction of the Prime Minister himself. From defence purchases to national security and other parliamentary affairs are decided in these committees. These decisions have a huge ramifications on the nation as well as the people.
Value Addition
Cabinet committees at present as on 2019
- Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs
- Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
- Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
- Cabinet Committee on Security
- Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs
- Cabinet Committee on Accommodation
- Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth
- Cabinet Committee on Employment and Skill Development
Topic :Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
Reference: The Hindu
Why this question:
The question is about discussing electoral funding by political parties given states assembly election campaigning is set to start.
Demand of the question:
Discuss in detail the concept of Electoral funding, issues concerning it, and remedies.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction
one can start by defining electoral funding and the need for transparency in it.
Body
Explain how electoral funding creates demand as well as serves as a source of corruption in India.
Next, highlight the impact of non-transparency in electoral funding on public interest in India e.g. issues with electoral bonds.
Then give a suggestion by various committees and law commissions on reforming the electoral funding (e.g. state funding of election), apart from your own views.
Conclusion
Based on your opinion conclude with balanced reasoning.
Introduction
With several Assembly elections coming up, one issue may need more attention than others. Elections are fought with huge funds nowadays. Estimates vary, but a candidate may spend in crores in just one constituency. This vital issue is neglected by voters in the noise and din of campaigns, leaders, celebrities and media coverage.
Money is central to the issue of political corruption in India and political parties are suspected to be the largest and most direct beneficiaries. Corruption in elections reduces accountability, distorts representation, and introduces asymmetry in policymaking and governance. This necessitates transparency in electoral funding.
Body
Background
- Voters vote for political parties so that they deliver benefits to the citizens. If election funds are obtained from other sources, the Governments in power are obliged to the funders more than the voters.
- For instance, the Government Budget reports that in 2019-20 the loss to the Government on account of incentives to companies and reduction in duties and taxes was ₹2. 24 lakh crore. The voters do not know this.
- Transparency in funding is absent after the introduction of Electoral Bonds. In spite of the CIC ruling, all political parties have refused to submit themselves to the transparency that comes with Right to Information. Limits on funding are also not well defined.
Issues with electoral funding
- Opacity in donations: Political parties receive majority of their funds through anonymous donations (approximately 70%) through cash. Also, parties are exempted from income tax, which provides a channel for black money hoarders.
- Eg: Electoral funds is fraught with challenges and is in the courts. Transparency in funding is absent after the introduction of Electoral Bonds. Now citizens cannot know who is funding the political parties.
- Lack of action against bribes: The EC sought insertion of a new section, 58B, to RPA, 1951 to enable it to take action if parties bribe voters of a constituency, which has not come to light.
- Allowing foreign funding: Amendment of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) has opened the floodgates of foreign funding to political parties, which can lead to eventual interference in governance.
- Unlimited corporate donations: The maximum limit of 7.5% on the proportion of the profits a company can donate to a political party has been lifted, thus opening up the possibility of shell companies being set up specifically to fund parties.
- Lack of transparency: Despite provisions under section 29 of RPA, 1951, parties do not submit their annual audit reports to the Election Commission.
- RTI: Parties have also defied that they come under the ambit of RTI act. In spite of the Central Information Commission (CIC) ruling, all political parties have refused to submit themselves to the transparency that comes with Right to Information.
Measures to bring more transparency in electoral funding
- Switching to complete digital transactions.
- Donations above a certain limit be made public to break the corporate-politico nexus.
- Political parties should be brought under the ambit of RTI as followed in countries like Bhutan and Germany.
- Establish a national electoral fund where donors contribute and funds are distributed among different parties according to their respective performances in the last elections. This will also weed out black money as well as ensure anonymity to donors.
- State funding of elections has been suggested in the past in response to the high cost of elections. Law Commission of India, 2nd ARC, National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, have favoured state funding.
- Cap maximum expenditure of political parties to a multiple of half of maximum prescribed limit for individual candidates with the number of candidates fielded.
Conclusion
Donors to political campaigns can demand for favourable laws and policies, favourable government contracts, and exceptionalism in law enforcement as returns on their investments. It also inevitably leads to criminalisation of politics as money and muscle power, go hand in hand. Hence, reforms in electoral funding is a major need of the hour for India.
General Studies – 3
Topic – Achievements of Indians in science & technology
Reference: Indian Express
Why this question
The continued success of ISRO in the field of space technology, as demonstrated by yet another success discussed in the article makes ISRO an important organization for mains. Recently it has got a new chief.
Key demand of the question
The question expects us to bring out the future planned mission of ISRO and how will it help in national development.
Structure of the answer
Introduction – explain about ISRO as an organization.
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established in 1969. Since its beginning, ISRO has created a niche for itself in the space technology world through continuous low-cost innovations.
Body – Discuss the future missions of ISRO e.g. manned space flight, Chandranyan 3, Aditya L1, Shukrayaan, etc. and their usefulness for national development.
Also, list down some of the challenges that ISRO might face.
Conclusion – Explain what ISRO’s success means for India.
Introduction
India began investing in Space science and technologies in the 1960s. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has historically viewed space technology applications primarily for societal development and not for addressing strategic or security objectives. India’s space programme has grown exponentially since its modest beginnings five decades ago and has finally earned its right to be considered an established space player. Today, the value of the global space industry is estimated to be $350 billion and is likely to exceed $550 billion by 2025.,
Body
Future planned missions of ISRO
- Gaganyaan project: It is a crewed orbital spacecraft which is expected to carry three people into the space for seven days. o It is expected to be complete before 2022. o Recently, Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) was by inaugurated to coordinate Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) and will be responsible for the implementation of Gaganyaan Project.
- Aditya-L1: It will be India’s first solar observatory to be launched around 2022 which will be placed at the first Lagrangian point (L1) between the Sun and Earth, where the dynamic gravitational attraction between these two bodies roughly cancel out. o It will observe the Sun’s surface and atmosphere with its seven instruments.
- Shukrayaan: It is a Venus orbiter mission to be launched in 2025 with the objective objectives of studying of Venus’ surface and subsurface, its atmospheric chemistry and solar wind interactions with the planet.
- The atmosphere of Venus contains a gas that on Earth can be attributed to living organisms. With this new signs of potential life beyond Earth, many missions to Venus have been proposed.
- In September 2020, scientists have detected phosphine molecules on Venus, which could be a biosignature of microbial life.
- Scientists also use Venus as a reference to understand how Earth-sized planets around other stars evolve and what conditions might exist there.
- X-ray Polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat): It will be the country’s second space telescope, will be smaller and specialized. It will study the polarization of X-rays emitted by cosmic objects from Earth orbit.
- Indian Data Relay Satellite System: India plans for its own space-tospace tracking and communication of its space assets this year by putting up a new satellite series called IDRSS.
- A set of 2 IDRSS satellites will be placed in geostationary orbit, enabling satellite to satellite communication and transfer of data.
- It will track, send and receive real-time information from other Indian satellites, in particular those in low-earth orbits (LEO) which have limited coverage of earth.
- It will also be useful in monitoring launches and benefitting crew members of the Gaganyaan mission ensuring mission control throughout their travel.
- Chandrayaan-3 in 2022 which will include a rover and a lander to Moon.
Obstacles faced by ISRO in space activities
- Training of astronauts: India lacks training facilities for astronauts, though ISRO has demanded for indigenous training centers for its astronauts since early 2000s, no action have been taken yet.
- Large investments needed in projects and possibility of failure.
- Biosciences: While ISRO has perfected the engineering aspects of the mission, bioscience is a new field for ISRO that requires greater technological knowhow and collaboration and support from other organizations.
- Upgrading GSLV Mk III: Gaganyaan needs a large rocket that can lift a heavy capsule. Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark III has been designed to inject large satellites into orbit, the launcher will now have to be human rated.
- Precision in technology: The reliability of a system has to be as high as to allow a failure rate of only one in 500 launches.
Way forward
- Creating a separate Space Commerce body that is independent of ISRO, for space-related activities or a dedicated road map within ISRO for commercial space in India.
- Promoting startups as they have potential of leapfrogging product/service offerings out of India and are scalable globally.
- ISRO providing mentorship allowing private sector to leverage technical expertise built by ISRO in an appropriate manner.
- Enactment of space legislations: To define regulatory, legal and procedural regimes with transparent timelines for pursuing space activities by private space industry.
- Draft Space Activities Bill, 2017 was proposed to promote and regulate space activities of India. It talked about participation of private sector agencies in space activities in India under guidance and authorization of Department of Space.
General Studies – 4
Topic : Human values: Lessons from the teaching and lives of great leaders, administrators, and reformers.
Structure of the question
Introduction
Define what you understand by humane approach
Body
- Highlight the characteristics or features associated with a humane approach. Ex: Patience, love, compassion etc.
- Give suitable examples of how a humane approach solved any previous problem in society. Ex: Fight against apartheid, Bhoodan movement.
- Suggest in which other areas we can adopt this approach in the present times. Ex: Climate change, refugee crisis etc.
Conclusion
Suggest what can be done to adopt this approach by individuals, society and governments in the world.
Introduction
The phenomenon we are facing daily is the “lack of humanity”, which is causing problems for the whole world. The meaning of humanity is a collection of positive traits that humans should have in them. These traits or qualities include kindness, compassion, honesty, courage, tolerance towards differences, empathy, respect, integrity, thoughtfulness, etc.
If humane approach instead of man’s greed had been more dominant, then this world would not have grave history of colonialism, imperialism, slavery, apartheid or even the two world wars that shook this world.
Body
Humane approach solves insurmountable problems
- Unites all humans: Humans from different parts of the world follow different religions and cultures. It means they follow different rituals, have different religious and cultural values. These differences can create a gap among humans in different parts of the world. However, the language of humanity is one force that can unite humans despite their differences.
- Ensures Peace: One of the factors of humanity is to be tolerant towards those who share different opinions and backgrounds. When we tolerate the differences, there is less chaos in the world, and less chaos means the lack of destruction and establishment of peace. If all humans and governments of every state use the weapon of humanity, there will be peace and happiness in the world.
- A humane approach would have prevented holocaust against Jews.
- A humane approach may be the only solution to the clash of civilisations that we see now.
- Terror organisations like Al-Qaeda, ISIS may not have existed if they had humane-ness in them.
- Humanity is the Ethic: It is a fact that humanity also means moral values of ethical behavior. We call humane behavior as ethical behavior many times.
- Many institutes and organizations develop an ethical code of conduct for their employees.
- Many of the claws are based on the basic traits of humanity. If every human works on developing and polishing one’s human traits then there won’t be a need to forcefully ensure ethical behavior from everyone.
- Better humanity can eliminate the issues of moral values and ethics from society.
- Reduced Crime Rate: The increase in the number of crimes in today’s world is mainly because of humanity.
- Yes, there are some times when the criminal is forced to commit a crime because of whatever conditions life has put.
- But, the root cause remains the lack of humanity from people in power who are busy with corruption and ignore the needs of the poor segment of the society.
- If there is humanity, there will be a reduced crime rate in the world.
- Similarly, humanity can prevent a criminal from committing a crime whether out of need or out of fun.
- No Wars: If we look at history, even just a couple of decades back, we shall notice numerous wars in different parts of the world. Syria, Afghanistan, Lebonan, and many other countries have been facing worse situations because of proxy wars between some countries.
- Moreover, there countries like India and Pakistan, which are in a war or war-like situation and have tensions of military nature between them.
- These wars are a result of poor judgment from the governments and authorities from both countries and a lack of humanity.
- Countries need to realize the importance of humanity and stop wars. Instead, focus on the real development of people of their countries.
Conclusion
The importance of humanity is a serious matter. The topic is much needed in the world more than ever. No one can deny the impact of humanity in the world. By practicing humanity, the world can become a better place for everyone. However, it requires our efforts to practice humanity, as it may not always seem the essay choice but it is the only right choice that humans can make. The world would have been a nice place to live if there is humanity among us and if humanity is encouraged by others.
Topic : Human values: Lessons from the teaching and lives of great leaders, administrators, and reformers.
Structure of the question
Introduction
Define the terms disappointment and hope.
Body
- Highlight the significance of hope in our lives in the present scenario
- Give examples of where hope helped people in their lives. Ex: Edison, Gandhi ji etc.
- Suggest where hope should carry the world ahead. Ex: Fight against climate change, pandemic, etc.
Conclusion
Suggest ways to develop hope amongst the people in the society
Introduction
The sentiment of the quote is that a short term disappointment or failure should not determine our hopes or expectations for the future. In short, we must remain focused on hoping for a better tomorrow and accept disappointment as a temporary setback. Martin Luther King had made this statement in the context of a speech during the Civil Rights Movement. However, the powerful message embodied in the remark can be easily applied to daily life.
Body
Banking on Hope
Life is long and giving up on hope makes the journey infinitely harder. Giving up on hope is like giving up on food and water. It doesn’t serve any purpose and compounds misery. Hope makes the journey through life’s stumbling blocks more bearable. And it also teaches resilience, should even tougher times come. Hope for a better tomorrow makes an individual’s present more focused. It is after all imagination and hard work both that make for lasting success.
Without hope, we would find ourselves constantly dwelling on they why and how. Living in the present requires us to consciously cultivate hope at every turn. Responsibilities don’t magically disappear because of tragedies. We still have to wake up each day and carry on as before. This is also why we must accept finite disappointment but never lose infinite hope. Hope makes getting through another day easier. It may not change our future immediately but it changes our attitudes and abilities to withstand challenges forever.
Finite disappointment and infinite hope
The fact is that fortune changes on a dime. Preparation is key to being able to handle the good times with ease and grace. Disappointments help restore balance. They make an individual treat both failure and success with equanimity. In the long run, this balance serves to our life more peaceful and unsettled.
The challenges that life throws our way have a way of strengthening our minds, hearts and most importantly our resolves. People who survive challenges with their hope intact feel as if they were born anew, refreshed and with greater clarity.
Conclusion
Disappointments and tragedies bring us closer to our fellow man. True and lasting friendships are built on shared sorrows. In the absence of hopes and struggles, these valuable relationships would not be forged. We need to experience pain to understand pain. Without the experience, we can never sincerely empathize with those less fortunate.
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