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General Studies – 2
Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court of India has sought to move away from an anthropocentric basis of law. Thus the question.
Key Demand of the question:
Discuss in detail in what way the judgment can pave way for upholding the biocentric principles of coexistence with adequate intend from Government for stringent implementation.
Directive:
Comment– here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start with what you understand by biocentric approach.
Body:
The answer body must have the following aspects covered:
Firstly present an argument of Biocentrism vs. Anthropocentrism.
Explain that the philosophy of biocentrism holds that the natural environment has its own set of rights which is independent of its ability to be exploited by or to be useful to humans.
Biocentrism often comes into conflict with anthropocentrism.
Talk about the recent rulings; the Supreme Court in M.K. Ranjitsinh & Others vs. Union of India & Others, said that in all cases where the overhead lines in power projects exist, the governments of Rajasthan and Gujarat shall take steps forthwith to install bird diverters.
Discuss evolution of right of nature laws in constitutions.
Conclusion:
Conclude with importance.
Topic: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The Supreme Court recently struck down certain provisions of the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011. The Ministry of Co-operation has been newly formed under the Government of India in July 2021.
Key Demand of the question:
Explain why the Supreme Court has recently struck down part of the 97th constitutional amendment and analyse its impact on federal principles in India.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
The 97th constitutional amendment dealt with issues relating to the effective management of co-operative societies in the country.
Body:
Talk about the changes that the amendment brought in.
The three-judge bench of the Supreme Court while upholding the validity of the 97th constitutional amendment has struck down a part related to the setting up and functioning of cooperative societies working within a state.
The Supreme Court judgment was based on the reasoning that the concerned subject matter of co-operative fell in the state list and hence it belongs wholly and exclusively to the State legislatures to legislate upon and any change would require the ratification by at least one-half of the state legislatures as per Article 368(2) of the Constitution which was not carried out for the 97th constitutional amendment.
Cooperative Societies is a State Subject under Entry 32 of the State List of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
This development has been hailed by the constitutional experts as a boost to the principle of federalism – part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution.
Discuss the challenges in the co-operative sector.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
3. Discuss the objectives and key features of Essential Defence Services Bill 2021. (250 words)
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
The article gives us insights on the Essential Defence Services Bill 2021.
Key Demand of the question:
Discuss the objectives and key features of Essential Defence Services Bill 2021.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start with what the Essential Defence Services Bill 2021 is about.
Body:
Essential Defence Services Bill is aimed at preventing the staff of the government-owned ordnance factories from going on a strike.
The question is straightforward and there isn’t much to deliberate. One must explain the key features and objectives of the bill in detail.
It is meant to “provide for the maintenance of essential defence services so as to secure the security of nation and the life and property of public at large and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto”
Conclusion:
Conclude with its importance.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The Reserve Bank of India is likely to soon kick off pilot projects to assess the viability of using digital currency to make wholesale and retail payments to help calibrate its strategy for introducing a full-scale central bank digital currency (CBDC).
Key Demand of the question:
Critically analyse the viability and concerns over introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency in India.
Directive:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start with introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency in India.
Body:
The answer body must have the following aspects covered:
Discuss first what is the CBDC or National Digital currency? – A Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), or national digital currency, is simply the digital form of a country’s fiat currency. Instead of printing paper currency or minting coins, the central bank issues electronic tokens. This token value is backed by the full faith and credit of the government.
Explain the need for it.
Discuss the challenges in rolling out National Digital Currency.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
Reference: Times of India
Why the question:
The article explains how ‘ghost nets’ threaten marine life and human beings.
Key Demand of the question:
Discuss what Ghost nets are and why they require urgent action.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Explain first that the presence of plastic in the world’s seas is growing exponentially. The IUCN estimates that at least 8 million tons of plastic are discarded in our oceans each year.
The impact of such debris on marine life, which ingests it or gets caught in it, is enormous. Ghost nets increase this problem even more. These are discarded fishing nets cluttering up land and sea.
Body:
Discuss that Ghost nets put severe stress on marine species, which threaten their survival. A reduction in marine species is in turn worrisome for humans as it would reduce the oxygen level in oceans which currently holds 70% of the world’s oxygen.
Explain the menace of Ghost nets.
Talk about the initiatives taken to solve the problem of ghost net.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Topic: Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention.
Reference: idsa.in
Why the question:
The question is from the static portions of GS paper III, part internal security.
Key Demand of the question:
Discuss in detail the threats posed by the communication networks to the internal security of India.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start with what communication Networks are.
Body:
Communication networks are defined as “the computer resource, the incapacitation or destruction of which, shall have a debilitating impact on national security, economy, public health or safety” in the IT Act, 2000. They form a part of our critical information infrastructure.
Explain the importance of communication networks.
Discuss the key Security threats to communication networks.
Highlight the policies and programs in this direction.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
The article explains the implications of EU’s new GHG emissions law for Indian industry.
Key Demand of the question:
By explaining the features of European Union’s new Green House Gas(GHG) emission laws, examine its implications on Indian industry.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start with the context of the question. The European Union introduced new legislation, Fit for 55, to cut its GHG emissions by 55 per cent by 2030 and to net zero by 2050.
Body:
Explain that the EU has had a carbon emission trading system since 2005, with a current market price of 50 euros per ton of carbon. With Fit for 55, the EU will bring more sectors into this trading scheme and tighten its allocation of permits. The EU’s carbon price is likely to go up as a result, making its domestic products more expensive than imports from countries that do not have such rules. The new CBAM is meant to level the playing field between domestic and imported products.
Discuss that it opens new markets for Indian industry, for example for electric vehicles. However, it also introduces a potentially adverse policy called the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM).
Suggest impact on India.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
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